Bauhaus 1919-1933 - A Chronology. (n.d.). Retrieved July 31, 2018, from https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/bauhaus-1919-193331.html "Bauhaus 1919-1933 - A Chronology" provides a thorough history of Bauhaus’ beginnings with Walter Gropius and the changes it saw under the Nazi dictatorship. Importantly, it provides context for Dessau as a strong economic force during this time, and was relevant and informative for the purpose of this research.
Berdahl, Daphne, Matti Bunzl, and Martha Lampland. Altering States: Ethnographies of Transition in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009. This source from the University of Michigan offered valuable insight on the history of Dessau during and after the GDR. Specifically, it discusses the shrinkage of eastern European cities and why many East Germans felt the desire to escape the GDR. In conclusion, it offered valuable insight on the state of the Eastern German city and its people during the Soviet occupation and the impact it had on future development.
Carter, F., Turner, B., Hegedus, J., & Tosics, I. (1992). The Reform of Housing in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography, 74(2), 147. The Reform of Housing in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union is a book compiling a series of papers from a Housing Conference in Hungary in 1989. It discusses broadly the state of housing reforms in Eastern Europe from the end of World War II up until publication in 1992. In a chapter entitled “Housing in the Colours of the GDR” urban planning professor Peter Marcuse and German historian Wolfgang Schumann discuss in detail the history of GDR housing policy, providing detailed timelines about the progression of housing throughout the period as well as the contemporaneous political events and social realities that precipitated them. It is a valuable source because it was written just as the German Democratic Republic was coming to an end and thus well documents the realities of German housing policy at the time, without being influenced by hindsight. The book is also limited in that it does not provide an analysis of the long term impacts of GDR housing policy because at the time of publication, it was impossible to do more than speculate.
City of Dessau Civil Engineering Office (2004). “Traffic Development Plan.” http://verwaltung.dessau-rosslau.de/fileadmin/Verwaltungsportal_Dessau-Rosslau/Stadtentwicklung_Umwelt/Mobilitaet_Verkehr/Verkehrsplanung/Verkehrsentwicklungsplan/VEP_BERICHT_komplett.pdf This document, released in 2004, details Dessau’s most recent traffic plan. It is almost 15 years old now, and could probably use an update, but its issues remain the same; Dessau’s decreasing and aging population drive the need for increased public transportation use and efficiency. It also plans to improve circulation in the city’s road network.
Diefendorf, Jeffry (Feb., 1989). “Artery: Urban Reconstruction and Traffic Planning in Postwar Germany.” Journal of Urban History. Accessed 1 Aug. 2018 through ProQuest. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1297903567/CD77B050881947B0PQ/1?accountid=14945 This paper in the Journal of Urban History concisely describes urban traffic planning following World War II. It captures the ideology, the hopes, and the challenges of post-war planning when much of the city was rubble. This period in time offered, in a way, an opportunity to fix prior traffic issues. Diefendorf also describes the failures and successes of this planning method, and how in some cases, these “failures” turned out to be huge wins for the pedestrian and led to the large pedestrian-only streets seen in much of Germany today.
Dredge, A. (2017, April 29). Bauhaus and the International Style. Retrieved July 31, 2018, from https://wsimag.com/architecture-and-design/25082-bauhaus-and-the-international-style Adriana Dredge’s article describes the ideals behind the Bauhaus movement and serves to demonstrate the impact of this movement in urban design and architecture. In addition to that, it also provides a historical perspective regarding WWII and how that affected Bauhaus.
Erb, A. (2017). Petitioners, Servants, Claimants: Archives Usage and Historiography in Anhalt from Early Modern Times to 1848. History of Humanities,2(1), 131-151. doi:10.1086/690575 This source offered valuable insight on the early formation of Dessau from the medieval era to the beginnings of industrialization. It heavily describes Renaissance German history with an emphasis on religion and the city.
Gert Kähler. The Path of Modernism: From the World Heritage of Breslau to That of Dessau, The Architecture, 1900-1930 (Jovis 2009) p. 13-33 This source was an extremely thorough, comprehensive guide on Dessau’s history from medieval times to modern day. It provided a detailed timeline with significant events of Dessau’s history. The book specifically focused on the medieval era, classicism, industrialization, World War II, the Nazi regime, the GDR era, and the post-GDR 1990s period.
Hirsch, Erhard, Annette Scholtka, Janos Stekovics, Heinz Fräßdorf, Alison Kirkland, and Erhard Hirsch (Archiv). The Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz. Wettin-Löbejün: Stekovics, J, 2017. This source offered rich detail on the creation of Dessau’sWörlitz Garden and the inluences of Classicism on Dessau. It discussed in rich detail the Classicism movement’s influence on the city of Dessau and the role of German royalty on city planning.
Kitchen, M.(2012). A history of modern Germany, 1800 to the present. Wiley-Blackwell. In A history of modern Germany, 1800 to the present, Kitchen presents a broad overview of German history throughout the past two centuries. Although the book sometimes sacrifices depth for breadth, it was valuable for understanding the historical context and guiding additional research. Because it is so comprehensive, it also provides valuable information about certain periods of time which are not as widely written about.
Melzer, M. (1984). The GDR Housing Construction Program: Problems and Successes. East Central Europe, 11(1), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1163/187633084X00064 The GDR Housing Construction Program: Problems and Successes was published in 1984 after the completion of the first phase of the GDR’s extensive housing program. The article provides an interim analysis of the success of the program. It is an incredibly valuable primary source because it was published during the GDR about policies that were currently being implemented without the knowledge that Germany would be reunified in just a few years after publication.
Pallagst, K., Martinez-Fernandez, C., & Wiechmann, T. Shrinking cities: International perspectives and policy implications. Routledge, (2013). This source offered an introduction to problems faced by cities such as Dessau that are experiencing population decline. It provides an overview of European cities such as Dessau, Leipzig, and Dresden and provides insight into the events leading up to the shrinkage of many European cities.
Schmidt, M. G. (2013). Social Policy in the German Democratic Republic. In The Rise and Fall of a Socialist Welfare State (pp. 23–166). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22528-4_2 This chapter evaluates social policy in the German Democratic Republic from its creation to its fall in 1990. In particular, in emphasizes the centrality of housing policy in the broader GDR social and political framework. This source is particularly valuable because it looks at social policy more broadly and effectively places it in the context of the various other social and political conditions transpiring at the time. It is also valuable because it was written a few decades after the fall of the GDR, allowing adequate time for analysis of the causal relationships between political events and housing policies and the short and long term impacts.
Stadt of Dessau (2006). “City of Dessau, 2nd update of the urban development concept: Integration of the urban development concepts of Dessau and Roßlau.” http://verwaltung.dessau-rosslau.de/fileadmin/Verwaltungsportal_Dessau-Rosslau/Stadtentwicklung_Umwelt/Stadtentwicklung/Stadtumbau/Konzepte/Stadtentwicklungskonzpet_2006/Stadtentwicklungskonzept_2006_Kurzfassung.pdf This document displays the concept plan for the city of Dessau as of 2006, just before the city joined Rossleau. This document details redevelopment plans for Dessau, as well as ways in which Dessau plans to integrate with Rossleau. This is the most recent update of the urban development concept.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (n.d.). Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau. Retrieved July 31, 2018, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/729/multiple=1&unique_number=2158 This article is centered on the Bauhaus School and the Modern Movement. It focuses on the ideals pushed by this movement (i.e. spatial transparency). It also focuses on Bauhaus buildings in Dessau and what they symbolize.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (n.d.). Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz. Retrieved July 31, 2018, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/534 This document addresses the urban issues Dessau is facing as a “dying city.” It describes the solutions being implemented and provides details regarding who and when they are being implemented. This material is especially relevant given that it continues to apply to Dessau today.
The Bauhaus Dessau. (n.d.). Retrieved August 2, 2018, from https://www.bauhaus-dessau.de/en/history/bauhaus-dessau.html This source explains what Tom Wolfe does not. The site elaborates on a multitude of topics related to Bauhaus from its directors to its presence in Dessau. However, it is lacking in specific details, but those missing areas can be taken from Wolfe.
The Deliberate Fire Bombing of German Cities. (2017, October 30). Retrieved from https://ww2truth.wordpress.com/2017/10/03/the-deliberate-fire-bombing-of-german-cities/ This source was integral for the “historical & background context” section. It provided an image of postwar Dessau that assists the audience in realizing exactly how much of the city was actually destroyed during the air raids. The image and fact taken from the site justifies the gravity of Dessau’s situation.
Wolfe, T. (2009). From Bauhaus to our house. New York: Picador/Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This source was useful in regards to explaining more of the influence of Bauhaus rather than the directors. Nevertheless, Tom Wolfe elaborates on the design philosophies of the three architects and also mentions the Bauhaus influence outside of Germany (e.g. American Universities such as Harvard & Yale).
World Transport Jounal (2007). “Sustainable Transport That Works: Lessons from Germany.” World Transport Policy and Practice. Volume 15, Number 1. http://worldtransportjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/wtpp15.1.pdf#page=13 This journal compares Germany and its transportation planning, history, and capabilities to other countries - namely, the U.S. It describes how, although Germany has a high rate of car ownership, it has much less use than cars in the U.S. Germany boasts an impressive, efficient, and highly used public transportation system while the U.S.’s is lacking, to say the least. In addition to these differences, the German automobile also has much higher tax rates associated with its purchase and high gasoline prices.
Zimmerman, N. (2016). German city Dessau experiments with rewilding. Retrieved July 25, 2018, from https://www.dw.com/en/german-city-dessau-experiments-with-rewilding/a-19351244 This source was informative in relation to how Dessau is attempting to solve the problem of the shrinking population. This secondary source assists in explaining the demographic of the city and why certain solutions are more favorable or realistic than others.